Herbal essential oils are volatile, NATURAL, complex compounds formed by medicinal plants as secondary metabolites. As reported by international organization for standardization (ISO), the term "essential oils" (EOs) is defined for a product obtained from vegetable raw materials or fruit using distillation with water or steam. The EOs are generally complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds include hydrocarbons (terpenes and sesquiterpenes) and oxygenated compounds (alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, phenols, and phenol ethers) compounds. In medicinal plants, the EOs chemical profile usually very varies because of both intrinsic (sexual, seasonal, ontogenetic, and genetic variations) and extrinsic (ecological and environmental aspects) factors, also the EOs composition differs not only in the number and type of molecules but also in their stereochemical structures, and can be very different according to the extraction method. EOs represents a “green” alternative in the nutritional and pharmaceutical fields due to reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer properties thus, in recent times; EOs has gained great popularity as consumers have developed a particular ever-growing awareness toward the use of NATURAL ingredients, especially in food and household. Therefore, the present review provides a comprehensive summary on the method of preparation of EOs from medicinal plants, chemical composition analysis, their biological and pharmacological effects and their potential benefits on health level. Present information was compiled using keywords “Essential oil, Medicinal Plants and NATURAL additive in scientific database as Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, Google scholar and SID, until 2005 to 2015. EOs have great antimicrobial activity and mostly destroy bacteria, fungi and viruses without harmful effects on consumer’s health. Finding of this study showed that the Thymol, a-Pinene, b-Pinene, Cumin Aldehyde, Carvacrol, Germacrene, Linalool were the main components. Also, EOs have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and many other pharmacological properties which enhance their potential application. EOs have potential biological and pharmacological activities and so have many applications in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Introduction: According to the fact that almost all forms of mechanical dewatering needs foreign specific technology, special efforts were concentrated to optimize the use of drying beds.The main disadvantage of sludge drying beds is their large land requirement. This will limit the use of conventional drying beds to areas where sufficient land is available.To optimize and facilitate the operation of sludge dewatering beds, some assumptions are considered in this study that their purpose is to compare the technical characteristics of effluent and the retention time of sludge cake on the bed with control pilot.

Objective: this study designed to test the ANTIBACTERIAL potency of enrofloxacin (ENR) and essential oils from Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZEO) and Trachyspermum copticum (TEO) on Aeromonas hydrophila.Material and Methods: The ANTIBACTERIAL potency of test compounds was determined by several methods including the inhibition zone diameter determination, microbroth dilution method and colorimetric method of MTT. The cytotoxicity of test SUBSTANCES was assessed on Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryo (CHSE-214) cells.Results: Results showed that ENR and tested essential oils exert ANTIBACTERIAL effect against A. hydrophila. Moreover, ENR exerted the most potent ANTIBACTERIAL effect with MIC values of 62.5 ng/ml. The NATURAL compounds of ZEO and TEO also showed ANTIBACTERIAL effects with rather high MIC values of 0.315 mg/ml, and 1.25 mg/ml, respectively. None of the tested SUBSTANCES showed toxicity on CHSE-24 cells.Conclusion: It is concluded that ZEO and TEO could be applied to prevent from A. hydrophila infection. Moreover, data also suggest that MTT method could be both cost- and time-effective and accurate method of MIC determination.

Synthetic hormones and bioactive SUBSTANCES (vitamins, pigments and isoflavons) which have been used in the feed industry are accumulated in milk, meat and eggs. It is suspected that these are responsible for a number of side-effects such as carcinogenesis, liver and kidney damage, allergies in consumers. Furthermore the synthetic hormones, vitamins, pigments are less active than those extracted from NATURAL sources. That is why there is a growing worldwide interest in finding new and safe biologically active SUBSTANCES from NATURAL origin. The application of some NATURAL no hormonal products increases the reproductive potential of male and female animals and poultry. These may improve gametogenesis, ovulation and sperm quality. The purpose of this overview is to present some NATURAL sources of biologically active SUBSTANCES and to summarize their positive influence on reproduction in livestock and poultry.

Background: Heptaptera anisoptera from Umbelliferae was growth in some spaces of Iran. Some researchers have been carried out on the herb about isolation and structure elucidation of some phytochemicals. There isn’t any report about identification of SUBSTANCES in the essential oil and ANTIBACTERIAL activities of this plant.Objectives: Identification of SUBSTANCES in the essential oil and ANTIBACTERIAL activities of Heptaptera anisoptera (DC.) Turin. Literature survey has shown that the herb has not previously been investigated for essential oil and ANTIBACTERIAL activities.Methods: The essential oil of aerial parts from Heptaptera anisoptera (DC) Turin. (Umbelliferae) was obtained by hydrodistillation. The oil was analyzed by GC/MS. The effects of methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts of this plant were tested on 10 G+ and G- bacteria in different dilutions.Results: 91.3% of the oil (10 components) was identified. Method of identification was based on comparison of the mass spectra and retention indices of the components with standards. Thymol (48.8%), 3-carene (17.6%), phytol (7.9%), methyl linolenate (5.6%), and methyl palmitate (4.7%) were the major components. None of the extracts are any effect on tested bacteria.Conclusion: While thymol is the major component of some herbs such as thymes and ajowan, other plants can have thymol as major component. In the oil of thymes, carvacrol is reported, too, but it didn’t identify in the oil of H. anisoptera. Similar to other essential oils, monoterpenoides were major compounds. As a result of use of long time for oil extraction (3 hours), non-terpenoides components (diterpenoide, fatty acids and esters) came in the oil, too. Despite the fact of ANTIBACTERIAL activity of plants, none extract of H. anisoptera in 4 test models, have significant ANTIBACTERIAL effect.

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains one of the leading agents of urinary tract infection (UTIs), it has become resistant to many drugs. Current work aimed to evaluate some chemical SUBSTANCES as ANTIBACTERIAL agents and molecular study of virulence factors associated with UTIs. Methods: This work involved 133 urine specimens obtained from females’,patients suffering from UTIs, Methods of well diffusion and disk diffusion were achieved to assay the effect of some chemical SUBSTANCES and antibiogram profiles toward Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT)-resistant E. coli respectively. Virulence genes were done based on the technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: The results recorded 49/133 (36. 84%) E. coli among women suffering UTIs, 28/49 (57. 14%) were resistant to SXT drug. imipenem, meropenem, and nitrofurantoin were recorded more effectively. Chemicals SUBSTANCES at the concentration 0. 3 (g/ml) recorded percentages of inhibition, reaching 9. 143±, 1. 442, 15. 36±, 0. 5914, and 21. 82±, 0. 8699 for NaHCO3, Ch4c, and Viroxide Super™,respectively. PCR demonstrated that 28/28 (100%) of SXT-resistant E. coli isolates were harbored Sul-2, FeoB and PapC genes, while 14/28 (50%), 15/28 (53. 57%), 19/28 (67. 85%) and 26/28 (92. 85%) in U250 (pet), FumC, Sul-1 and IutA genes, respectively. Sul-3 gene was not observed. Conclusions: Observed a high percentage of E. coli that were resistant to SXT drug, and having several virulence genes, poses a real threat, it requires a real pause to create substitutions to limit the spreading of this threat.

Blastocystis is known as a mysterious polymorphic single-celled protozoan that can infect humans and various animals. Despite its worldwide isolation from people with gastrointestinal complications, its exact pathogenicity is in an aura of ambiguity. However, drug treatments, and the most prominent of them, metronidazole (MTZ), are prescribed as the first line of treatment. Various clinical complications, such as neurotoxic symptoms, kidney and heart failure, and the like, have been defined for MTZ. A large body of research has been performed to find a safer alternative with a preference for materials of a NATURAL nature and is still ongoing. Recently, interest has grown in the potential use of plant derivatives for antiparasitic purposes. Among them, some plants have shown significant effects on different species and subtypes of Blastocystis in in vitro and in vivo conditions. The present mini-review has attempted to draw a more comprehensive picture of different forms of anti-Blastocystis plants from previous studies and provide an idea-generating content for future studies.

Curcuma longarhizome (turmeric), walnut, and henna are medicinal plants which are traditionally used for fiber colorations. In this study, the viscose rayon fabrics were dyed with different mordant at a variety of conditions. The dyed fabric and treated fabric with Ag nanoparticles were evaluated for ANTIBACTERIAL activity against pathogenic strain of Gramnegative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Durability of ANTIBACTERIAL activity to laundering was also investigated. The results indicated that treated fabrics with these NATURAL dyes had excellent ANTIBACTERIAL activity as well as Ag nanoparticles before and after wash.